In the 21st century, nocturnal animals are increasingly threatened by the encroachment of artificial light at night ("light pollution") into natural habitats. Individuals may respond by restricting their activity to darker areas of habitat, restricting their activity to darker times of night, or adapting their behavior in some way to cope with this novel stressor. To understand which of these three strategies is the most common, we propose to study the courtship behavior of urban and rural populations of two species of New England firefly: Photinus obscurellus (the murky flash-train) and Photinus marginellus (the little gray). In this first stage of the process, we are conducting surveys to identify populations at different sites in Boston, Worcester, Providence, and their rural surrounds.